La Côte-d’Ivoire créera-t-elle bientôt sa propre monnaie ? Voici une question qui trouble le sommeil à plus d’un décideur sur le continent.
La palme de la fébrilité, pour l’instant, semble revenir au Sénégal d’Abdoulaye Wade, où en février dernier, un aréopage de patrons s’est profondément ému de propos attribués au Président Mamadou Koulibaly, Président de l’Assemblée Nationale ivoirienne.
L’agence Pana prête au parlementaire ivoirien d’avoir évoqué l’éventualité de la création d’une monnaie propre à la Côte-d’Ivoire, en contestation de la domiciliation des avoirs extérieurs des pays de la zone franc aux « comptes d’opération » du Trésor français. « Ce serait une catastrophe pour la zone UEMOA et toute l’Afrique. Car la Côte-d’Ivoire représente, à elle seule, la locomotive de l’Union. Et le Sénégal qui l’épaule, ne pourrait pas seul tenir debout », a déclaré, face à cette perspective, Doudou N’Doye, candidat malheureux à la présidentielle sénégalaise. Ses compatriotes du patronat, parlaient, eux, de « dispersion des forces africaines ».
La tempête s’était à peine calmée quand la troublante question a ressurgi, à l’occasion des consultations devant aboutir, à la BCEAO, au choix d’un successeur à l’ivoirien Konan Banny.
Cela est désormais un secret de polichinelle : le poste de gouverneur de la BCEAO est contesté à la Côte-d’Ivoire, alors que depuis sa création, la banque avait toujours attribué, par un accord tacite, son siège au Sénégal et le poste de Gouverneur à la Côte-d’Ivoire.
Cela est désormais un secret de polichinelle : le poste de gouverneur de la BCEAO est contesté à la Côte-d’Ivoire, alors que depuis sa création, la banque avait toujours attribué, par un accord tacite, son siège au Sénégal et le poste de Gouverneur à la Côte-d’Ivoire.
La Côte-d’Ivoire, de son côté, n’entend pas du tout se laisser caporaliser au sein d’un ensemble où elle pèse à elle toute seule 43 % de la masse monétaire. Ainsi elle envisagerait son retrait pur et simple de l’UEMOA, assorti de la création d’une monnaie si devait persister le refus des opposant à la gouvernance ivoirienne. En face on fait de l’esbroufe : « Si la Côte-d’Ivoire se retire, il y aura la Côte-d’Ivoire et les autres » a menacé récemment un décideur Sénégalais. Faudra-t-il alors craindre le boycott des produits ivoiriens au sein de la zone « éconduite »?
Mais, au fond, une Côte-d’Ivoire ostracisée, ne serait-ce pas là, finalement, l’expression ouverte d’une tendance déjà symboliquement en vogue ? Les ivoiriens ont-ils jamais eu autant de chance de réussir dans les autres pays de la zone UEMOA qu’ils n’en offrent, chez eux, à leurs frères issus de cet espace ?
Devant ce qui s’apparenterait à un réel camouflet au leadership ivoirien, Abidjan devrait prendre une décision qui préserve les intérêts du pays, puisqu'il serait vraiment ridicule pour la diplomatie ivoirienne de ne pas être en mesure de concrétiser en autorité effective 43 % de poids économique.
Même si on peut regretter que la question de la monnaie ivoirienne n’ait refait surface que dans un contexte afro-africain, cette problématique méritait réellement d'être abordée, en raison de la caducité des mécanismes hérités de l’empire colonial.
Pour faire face aux enjeux du monde actuel, il s’avère aujourd’hui nécessaire pour les Etats africains de faire leurs armes, en toute responsabilité. Puisque ce n’est certainement pas en se repliant au sein de chrysalides cristallisées que les économies du continent pourraient acquérir la rigueur, la combativité nécessaires à aux compétitions mondiales S’il faut redessiner la carte des rapports sur le continent, ce ne sera pas seulement en changeant d’hymnes nationaux, d’emblèmes ou de noms.
Il sera plutôt question de retracer les itinéraires de nos espaces économiques, culturels, sociologiques, économiques… « By us, for us », en disant bye, bye aux us et coutumes de l’antique cartographie.
Pour ce faire, il nous faudra imaginer de nouvelles combinaisons, inventer des nouveaux partenariats qui soient en mesure d’intégrer les diverses réalités sociologiques, psychologiques, anthropologiques mises à jour par notre histoire récente. Dynamique la réalité économique ne saurait indéfiniment s’accommoder de schémas paraplégiques.
L'autre préjugé qu'il faudra sans doute aussi vaincre, c'est celui de la prétendue marche solitaire. Qui dit que la rupture avec la zone UEMOA se solderait nécessairement par une existence insulaire ? Il existe en Afrique d’autres zones économiques et rien n’empêche que se créent de nouveaux espaces pensés, conçus et réalisés sur la base de réalités actualisées et intelligemment renseignées.
Ne l'oublions pas, la BCEAO est un instrument, sinon au moins un vestige d’une certaine zone conçue sur la base de présupposés impérialistes, comme tel, elle fonctionne en référence à des mots d'ordre qui ne peuvent qu’être en porte-à-faux avec les choix d'une Afrique libre : pour contester à la Côte-d’Ivoire des 43% son leadership, il faut que la BCEAO soit ouvertement devenue un lieu d'expression de réalités autres qu'économiques.
Au lieu de donner cours à une cordiale animosité envers le champion ivoirien les Etats de la zone dite "franc" devraient franchement réfléchir à la question des comptes d’opération, près de 50 ans après les indépendances empaquetées.
Six pays membres de la Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEDEAO) - la Gambie, le Ghana, la Guinée, le Liberia, le Nigeria et la Sierra Leone - ont émis, voici quelques années, le projet de créer une union avec une monnaie commune en Afrique de l'Ouest. Le projet n'est pas nécessairement mort. Ces pays s'étaient engagés à travailler à la fusion de leur union monétaire avec l'UEMOA plus tard.
Ils avaient par ailleurs pris l'engagement de faire en sorte que leurs économies répondent aux normes requises à l'usage d'une monnaie unique : taux d'inflation inférieur à 10%, voire 5 %, réserves brutes en devises couvrant au moins trois mois d’importations, financement du déficit budgétaire par la banque centrale limité à 10 % des recettes fiscales de l'année précédente et déficit budgétaire plafonné à 5 % du PIB.
Cela montre bien que plusieurs schémas existent et que la BCEAO n'est pas une panacée. Seules questions en suspend : à quel stade d’avancement est notre projet monétaire ? Comment comptons nous concrètement assurer la stabilité de notre monnaie ?
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